April 2016 | Category: Significant Cases
In Castro v. County of Los Angeles, 785 F.3d 336 (9th Cir. 2015), the Ninth Circuit held that the design of a jail cell constitutes a formal policy for purposes of Monell liability. But because the Eighth Amendment’s deliberate-indifference element is a subjective standard, there must be proof that a policymaker with authority […]